Introduction
Humans have dreamed up and recently created some amazing inventions.The several key advancements stand out as particularly revolutionary. Here are top picks for the most important inventions of recent time in field of Science and Brief outline of each invention is given in this article.
(A) Cloud computing:
In simple terms, cloud computing is a range of services delivered over the internet, or “the cloud.” It means using remote servers to store and access data instead of relying on local hard drives and private data centers.
Cloud computing eliminates the capital expense of buying hardware and software and setting up and running on-site data centers the racks of servers, the round-the-clock electricity for power and cooling, the IT experts for managing the Infrastructure.
Before cloud computing existed, organizations had to purchase and maintain their own servers to meet business needs. This required buying enough server space to reduce the risk of downtime and outages, and to accommodate peak traffic volume. As a result, large amounts of server space went unused for much of the time. Today’s cloud service providers allow companies to reduce the need for onsite servers, maintenance personnel, and other costly IT resources.
Simply , cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.
The services provided by cloud computing method over the Internet:Some of the main characteristics of cloud computing are the following:
Self-service provisioning. End users can spin up compute resources for almost any type of workload on demand.
Types of Cloud Computing Services:
(1) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). It provides users access to raw computing resources such processing power, data storage capacity, and networking, in the context of a secure data centre.
(2) Platform as a Service (PaaS).
(3) Software as a Service (SaaS).
(B) Edge computing:This is a newer trending technology emerging in 2021, very similar to cloud computing, except that the data is not stored in a centralized repository. In areas where network access is difficult or impossible, cloud computing is challenging because you can no longer access the repository where the data is stored. The role of edge computing is to transmit data closer to where it needs to be used.Edge computing is an emerging computing paradigm which refers to a range of networks and devices at or near the user. Edge is about processing data closer to where it's being generated, enabling processing at greater speeds and volumes, leading to greater action-led results in real time.Edge computing use examples:
Streaming music and video platforms, for example, often cache information to lower latency, offering more network flexibility when it comes to user traffic demands. Manufacturers benefit from edge computing by keeping a closer eye on their operations.Edge computing is a distributed computing framework that brings enterprise applications closer to data sources such as IOT (Internet Of Things) devices or local edge servers. This proximity to data at its source can deliver strong business benefits, including faster insights, improved response times and better bandwidth availability.
The users of edge computing:There are two broad categories of users who require edge computing technology: Network managers and systems integrators who need drop-in connectivity to link devices across their IOT networks and quickly establish edge computing functionality for optimal system performance and data management.
IOT devices are the non-standard computing devices that connect wirelessly to a network and have the ability to transmit data, such as the many devices on the internet of things (IOT).
The examples of IOT devices: There are several top devices in the market. Smart mobiles, smart refrigerators, smart watches, smart fire alarms ms, smart door locks, smart bicycles, medical sensors, fitness trackers, smart security system etc. are few examples of IOT products.
(C) Artificial intelligence(AI):
Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition and machine vision.
It also includes Expert systems, voice recognition, machine vision, and natural language processing (NLP).
Future of AI:
Artificial intelligence is shaping the future of humanity across nearly every industry. It is already the main driver of emerging technologies like big data, robotics and IOT, and it will continue to act as a technological innovator for the foreseeable future.
Examples of AI (Artificial Intelligence:
There are four types of artificial intelligence: reactive machines, liited memory, theory of mind and Self-awareness.
The purpose of artificial intelligence:
Artificial intelligence (AI) makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs and perform human-like tasks. Most AI examples that you hear about today from chess playing computers to self-driving cars rely heavily on deep learning and natural language processing.
John McCarthy, a professor emeritus of computer science at Stanford University, the man who coined the term "artificial intelligence" and subsequently had went on to define the field for more than five decades.
After playing a significant role in defining the area devoted to the creation of intelligent machines, John McCarthy, an American computer scientist pioneer and inventor, was called the “Father of Artificial Intelligence.”
(D) 3D printing technology :
We can now make new things with 3D printing that we would never have dreamed of a decade ago. In 2022, we’ll see transformations in manufacturing and beyond, from 3D printing technological innovations, including mass produced customized pieces, concrete for houses, printed food, metal, and composite materials.
3D printing uses computer aided design to create three-dimensional objects through a layering method. Sometimes referred to as additive manufacturing, 3D printing involves layering materials, like plastics, composites or bio-materials to create objects that range in shape, size, rigidity and colour.
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a method of creating a three dimensional object layer-by-layer using a computer created design. 3D printing is an additive process whereby layers of material are built up to create a 3D part.
The three types of 3D printing:
There are three types of 3D printing, which include: (i)Stereolithography (SLA) (ii)Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
(iii)Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM).
The purpose of 3D printing;
The 3D printing technology is a manufacturing process that creates a physical object from a digital model file. The technology works by adding layer upon layer of material to build up a complete object.
Uses of 3D printing used for:
Designers use 3D printers to quickly create product models and prototypes, but they're increasingly being used to make final products, as well. Among the items made with 3D printers are shoe design, furniture, wax castings for making jewelry, tools, tripods, gift and novelty items, and toys.
Material used in 3D printing:
Plastic is still the most popular material used for 3D printing. As the 3D-printing market value increases, the list of what materials can be used also grows. Raw materials such as metal, graphite, and carbon fiber are commonly used for 3D printing, though at home use is mostly limited to PLA for now.
Examples of 3D Printing in the World today:
Prosthetic Limbs & Body Parts. NeoMetrix 3D Prints Custom Prosthetics for Marathon Runner.
Homes and Buildings.
Food.
Firearms & military.
Manufacturing.
Musical instruments.
Anything You Can Imagine
(E) Genomics:
Genomics is the study of the complete set of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)the genetic material (including all of its genes) in a person or other organisms. Almost every cell in a person's body contains a complete copy of the gene.Genomics is the study of whole genomes of organisms, and incorporates elements from genetics. Genomics uses a combination of recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, and analyse the structure and function of genome.
The clinical applications of genomic technologies
(i) Gene discovery and diagnosis of rare monogenic disorders.
(ii)Identification and diagnosis of genetic factors contributing to common disease.
(iii) Pharmacogenetics and targeted therapy.
(iv) Prenatal diagnosis and testing. .
(v)Infectious diseases.
(vi) Personalized medicine.
(vii)Gene therapy.
The most commonly known application of genomics:
The most commonly known application of genomics is to understand and find cures for diseases.
(F) Gene editing:
The 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to two scientists, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna, for their work developing a method for genome editing. Genomics, gene editing, and synthetic biology are top trends of 2022 because these advancements can help us modify crops, cure and eradicate diseases, develop new vaccines like the COVID-19 shot, and other medical and biological breakthroughs.
Genome editing (also called gene editing) is a group of technologies that give scientists the ability to change an organism's DNA. These technologies allow genetic material to be added, removed or altered at particular locations in the genome. Several approaches to genome editing have been developed.
Types genome editing technologies :
The three techniques for gene editing:
Here we review three foundational technologies
(i)CRISPR-Cas9 ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), (ii)Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), (iii)zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs).
Examples of gene editing:
Genome editing is widely used in studies in a variety of organisms. For example, CRISPR is used to make “knock out” models of disease in a wide range of animals, enabling researchers to study the underlying genetic causes.
The newest technology in gene editing:
Researchers have created a new gene editing tool called Retron Library Recombineering (RLR) that can generate up to millions of mutations simultaneously, and 'barcodes' mutant bacterial cells so that the entire pool can be screened at once.
The some ways of using gene editing technology
in the laboratory:
One way that scientists use genome editing is to investigate different diseases that affect humans. They edit the genomes of animals, like mice and zebrafish, because animals have many of the same genes as humans. For example, mice and humans share about 85 % of their genes!
(H) Synthetic biology: Synthetic biology is a field of science that involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering them to have new abilities. Synthetic biology researchers and companies around the world are harnessing the power of nature to solve problems in medicine, manufacturing and agriculture.
Synthetic biology is a field of science that involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering them to have new abilities. Synthetic biology researchers and companies around the world are harnessing the power of nature to solve problems in medicine, manufacturing and agriculture ulture.
Synthetic biology enables Life Technologies to design, synthesize, test and deploy antigens and variants with rapid results, high expression and capacity. It also enables life technologies to develop immunogens engineered for efficacy and high titer and produce rapid assays for purification of the immunogens.
The technology used in synthetic biology:
Synthetic biologists use DNA sequencing in their work in several ways. First, large-scale genome sequencing efforts continue to provide information on naturally occurring organisms. This information provides a rich substrate from which synthetic biologists can construct parts and devices.
Genetic engineering usually involves the transfer of individual genes from one microbe or cell to another; synthetic biology envisions the assembly of novel microbial genomes from a set of standardized genetic parts that are then inserted into a microbe or cell.
Dr. Bhairavsinh Raol
